䤀渀猀瀀椀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 洀漀搀攀氀 漀昀 攀瘀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 戀椀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀爀愀洀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀猀 攀渀最愀最攀搀 椀渀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀椀渀最 栀漀猀琀ⴀ最甀攀猀琀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀愀琀椀漀渀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀⸀ 㰀椀洀最 愀氀椀最渀㴀爀椀最栀琀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀㈀ 猀爀挀㴀∀⸀最椀昀∀㸀䠀漀猀琀 洀甀氀琀椀栀攀琀攀爀漀洀愀挀爀漀挀礀挀氀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀最攀渀琀 戀椀渀搀椀渀最 猀椀琀攀猀 攀洀戀攀搀搀攀搀 椀渀 挀漀渀挀愀瘀攀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀猀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀最攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀椀渀搀椀渀最 猀椀琀攀猀 漀昀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 最甀攀猀琀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 眀椀琀栀 搀椀瘀攀爀最攀渀琀 戀椀渀搀椀渀最 猀椀琀攀猀 挀漀洀瀀漀猀椀渀最 漀爀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 琀漀 挀漀渀瘀攀砀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 䈀椀渀搀椀渀最 昀漀爀挀攀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 猀甀洀 漀昀 洀愀渀礀 栀漀猀琀ⴀ最甀攀猀琀 挀漀渀琀愀挀琀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀椀渀最 瘀愀渀 搀攀爀 圀愀愀氀猀 愀琀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 戀漀渀搀椀渀最Ⰰ 搀椀瀀漀氀攀ⴀ搀椀瀀漀氀攀 愀琀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 椀漀渀ⴀ瀀愀椀爀椀渀最Ⰰ 氀椀最愀渀搀 琀漀 洀攀琀愀氀 椀漀渀 愀琀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀氀瘀漀瀀栀漀戀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 匀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀愀氀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀琀椀漀渀 ⠀椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 挀栀椀爀愀氀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀琀椀漀渀⤀ 椀渀 戀椀渀搀椀渀最 椀猀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 琀漀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 攀渀愀渀琀椀漀洀攀爀猀Ⰰ 琀漀 愀渀愀氀礀稀椀渀最 昀漀爀 䰀椀嬀⬀崀Ⰰ 一愀嬀⬀崀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䬀嬀⬀崀 椀渀 猀攀爀甀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀漀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 挀愀琀愀氀礀猀椀猀⸀ 䠀椀最栀氀礀 瀀爀攀漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 栀漀猀琀猀 ⠀猀瀀栀攀爀愀渀搀猀Ⰰ 挀愀瘀椀琀愀渀搀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀愀爀挀攀爀愀渀搀猀⤀ 愀爀攀 搀攀猀椀最渀攀搀 愀渀搀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀稀攀搀⸀ 䌀漀爀爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 戀椀渀搀椀渀最Ⰰ 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 挀愀琀愀氀礀琀椀挀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 愀爀攀 猀漀甀最栀琀⸀ 䌀爀礀猀琀愀氀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀 愀爀攀 挀漀爀爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀 甀猀椀渀最 一䴀刀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀愀⸀ 䔀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀攀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀攀猀 ⠀甀瀀 琀漀 ㌀ 猀琀攀瀀猀⤀ 愀爀攀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀攀搀Ⰰ 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 戀礀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀ⴀ漀爀最愀渀椀挀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀⸀
吀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 最甀攀猀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 椀洀瀀爀椀猀漀渀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀椀漀爀 漀昀 爀椀最椀搀氀礀 栀漀氀氀漀眀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 栀漀猀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 ⠀挀愀爀挀攀瀀氀攀砀攀猀⤀ 愀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 愀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 瀀甀爀猀甀攀搀⸀ 倀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀 甀猀攀猀 漀昀 挀愀爀挀攀瀀氀攀砀攀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 搀爀甀最 愀渀搀 爀愀搀椀愀琀椀漀渀 搀攀氀椀瘀攀爀礀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀Ⰰ 氀椀最栀琀 猀眀椀琀挀栀攀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 猀琀漀爀愀最攀 愀渀搀 爀攀琀爀椀攀瘀愀氀 搀椀猀瀀氀愀礀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 ⠀䴀䤀匀䄀刀䐀匀⤀⸀ 䜀甀攀猀琀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 挀礀挀氀漀戀甀琀愀搀椀攀渀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 漀爀搀椀渀愀爀椀氀礀 猀攀氀昀ⴀ搀攀猀琀爀甀挀琀猀Ⰰ 愀爀攀 猀琀愀戀氀攀 眀栀攀渀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀搀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 猀栀攀氀氀 漀昀 愀 挀愀爀挀攀爀愀渀搀⸀ 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀䈀攀渀稀礀渀攀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀稀攀搀 愀渀搀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀渀攀爀 瀀栀愀猀攀 漀昀 愀 挀愀爀挀攀爀愀渀搀⸀
吀栀攀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最 椀猀 搀椀猀琀愀渀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 愀 琀椀洀攀 眀栀攀渀 眀攀 愀猀 愀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 眀攀爀攀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 洀甀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀爀甀椀琀猀 漀昀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 渀漀眀 爀攀昀椀渀攀 漀甀爀 氀椀瘀攀猀⸀ 䈀甀琀 椀琀 眀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀 最漀漀搀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 愀渀搀 琀漀眀渀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 搀漀洀愀椀渀 漀昀 漀甀爀 攀砀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 漀昀 匀挀漀琀琀椀猀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 漀昀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀 攀砀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 洀椀最爀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀栀爀攀攀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀 昀爀漀洀 伀渀琀愀爀椀漀Ⰰ 䌀愀渀愀搀愀Ⰰ 琀漀 爀甀爀愀氀 䌀栀攀猀琀攀爀Ⰰ 嘀攀爀洀漀渀琀Ⰰ 唀匀䄀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 䤀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 漀昀 㤀㤀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀 䌀爀愀洀✀猀 昀漀甀爀琀栀 愀渀搀 漀渀氀礀 洀愀氀攀 挀栀椀氀搀⸀ 吀眀漀 礀攀愀爀猀 氀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 䈀爀愀琀琀氀攀戀漀爀漀Ⰰ 嘀攀爀洀漀渀琀⸀
䴀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 䨀漀愀渀渀愀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 栀椀最栀ⴀ猀瀀椀爀椀琀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 栀攀爀 㤀㐀 礀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 猀琀愀爀琀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 愀 最椀爀氀栀漀漀搀 爀攀戀攀氀氀椀漀渀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀椀挀琀 䴀攀渀渀漀渀椀琀攀 昀愀椀琀栀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀栀攀 眀愀猀 爀愀椀猀攀搀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 愀 爀漀洀愀渀琀椀挀Ⰰ 愀 挀愀瘀愀氀爀礀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀Ⰰ 氀愀琀攀爀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 愀氀琀攀爀渀愀琀攀氀礀 愀猀 愀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀 氀愀眀礀攀爀 愀渀搀 甀渀猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀 昀愀爀洀攀爀⸀ 䠀攀 搀椀攀搀 漀昀 瀀渀攀甀洀漀渀椀愀 愀琀 㔀㌀Ⰰ 氀攀愀瘀椀渀最 洀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀攀琀 漀昀 嘀椀挀琀漀爀椀愀渀 甀瀀瀀攀爀ⴀ挀氀愀猀猀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 瘀愀氀甀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀愀猀欀 漀昀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀椀渀最 昀漀爀 愀渀搀 爀愀椀猀椀渀最 洀礀 猀椀猀琀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 愀最攀搀 昀漀甀爀⸀
䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 洀礀 漀氀搀攀猀琀 猀椀猀琀攀爀Ⰰ 䔀氀椀稀愀戀攀琀栀Ⰰ 䤀 眀愀猀 愀猀 愀 挀栀椀氀搀 瀀爀攀挀漀挀椀漀甀猀Ⰰ 挀甀爀椀漀甀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀氀礀 椀渀Ⰰ 漀爀 挀愀甀猀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀爀漀甀戀氀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀 琀爀愀椀琀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 愀琀 戀椀爀琀栀㬀 䤀 眀攀椀最栀攀搀 漀瘀攀爀 琀攀渀 瀀漀甀渀搀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀愀搀 愀渀 甀渀甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 氀愀爀最攀 栀攀愀搀℀ 䐀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀搀 琀漀 眀愀氀欀 愀琀 猀攀瘀攀渀 洀漀渀琀栀猀Ⰰ 䤀 瀀甀氀氀攀搀 愀 瀀愀渀 漀昀 昀爀攀猀栀 攀最最猀 搀漀眀渀 昀爀漀洀 愀 琀愀戀氀攀 漀渀琀漀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀愀搀⸀ 䄀琀 琀栀爀攀攀 礀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 䤀 戀爀漀欀攀 洀礀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀椀渀搀漀眀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 琀漀漀欀 洀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 琀漀 漀甀爀 渀攀椀最栀戀漀爀Ⰰ 䴀爀⸀ 䴀愀猀漀渀Ⰰ 琀漀 愀瀀漀氀漀最椀稀攀⸀ 刀攀瀀甀琀攀搀氀礀Ⰰ 䤀 猀愀椀搀 琀漀 栀椀洀Ⰰ ∀匀漀爀爀礀Ⰰ 礀漀甀 渀愀猀琀礀 䴀愀猀漀渀∀⸀
䈀礀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 䤀 眀愀猀 昀漀甀爀 愀渀搀 愀 栀愀氀昀Ⰰ 䤀 眀愀猀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀✀猀 戀漀漀欀猀⸀ 䴀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 猀琀攀攀瀀攀搀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 挀甀氀琀椀瘀愀琀攀搀 椀渀挀攀渀琀椀瘀攀 戀礀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 琀漀 洀攀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最猀 漀昀 琀愀氀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 栀攀爀漀攀猀Ⰰ 栀攀爀漀椀渀攀猀Ⰰ 栀礀瀀漀挀爀椀琀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瘀椀氀氀愀椀渀猀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 眀攀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 琀栀攀 攀砀挀椀琀椀渀最 瀀愀爀琀Ⰰ 猀栀攀 氀攀昀琀 洀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀琀漀爀礀 琀漀 昀椀渀椀猀栀 戀礀 洀礀猀攀氀昀⸀ 䴀礀 挀栀椀氀搀栀漀漀搀 眀愀猀 愀搀瘀攀渀琀甀爀攀猀漀洀攀 愀渀搀 椀搀礀氀氀椀挀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀渀最猀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀琀琀攀爀攀搀⸀
䔀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 猀挀栀漀漀氀椀渀最 昀漀爀 洀攀 眀愀猀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 洀甀氀琀椀挀氀愀猀猀 猀椀渀最氀攀ⴀ爀漀漀洀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 礀漀甀渀最 愀渀搀 瘀攀爀礀 礀漀甀渀最 眀椀琀渀攀猀猀攀搀 攀愀挀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 戀攀椀渀最 琀愀甀最栀琀⸀ 伀渀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀 挀愀爀搀 搀愀礀猀Ⰰ 䤀 昀愀挀攀搀 猀攀愀爀挀栀椀渀最 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 挀爀椀琀椀挀椀猀洀 搀甀爀椀渀最 眀栀椀挀栀 ∀挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀 最爀愀搀攀猀∀ 眀攀爀攀 猀琀爀攀猀猀攀搀 漀瘀攀爀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀猀⸀ 䤀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 眀愀猀 洀愀爀欀攀搀 ∀䄀∀ 椀渀 愀琀琀椀琀甀搀攀 愀渀搀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ ∀䈀∀ 椀渀 攀昀昀漀爀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 ∀䌀∀ 椀渀 漀戀攀搀椀攀渀挀攀⸀
圀栀愀琀 䤀 挀愀氀氀 洀礀 爀攀愀氀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀搀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀氀礀 漀甀琀猀椀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀猀猀爀漀漀洀Ⰰ 椀渀 愀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 漀昀 戀漀漀欀猀 愀渀搀 戀爀漀漀欀猀⸀ 䄀氀氀 漀昀 䐀椀挀欀攀渀猀Ⰰ 䬀椀瀀氀椀渀最Ⰰ 匀挀漀琀琀Ⰰ 匀栀愀眀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀甀挀栀 漀昀 匀栀愀欀攀猀瀀攀愀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀愀搀⸀ 䤀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 栀漀眀 琀漀 爀甀渀 甀瀀 猀瀀爀椀渀最ⴀ昀攀搀 戀爀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 樀甀洀瀀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 漀渀攀 最氀愀挀椀攀爀ⴀ瀀漀氀椀猀栀攀搀 猀琀漀渀攀 琀漀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀⸀ 䤀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 昀椀爀攀眀漀漀搀Ⰰ 攀洀瀀琀椀攀搀 愀猀栀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀栀漀瘀攀氀攀搀 猀渀漀眀 昀漀爀 洀甀猀椀挀 氀攀猀猀漀渀猀⸀ 䤀 瀀椀挀欀攀搀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀 琀漀 戀攀 瀀愀椀搀 椀渀 愀瀀瀀氀攀猀Ⰰ 猀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀 琀漀 戀攀 瀀愀椀搀 椀渀 猀琀爀愀眀戀攀爀爀椀攀猀㬀 愀渀搀 䤀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 氀愀眀渀猀 漀昀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 攀猀琀愀琀攀 戀攀氀漀渀最椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀攀渀琀椀猀琀 眀栀漀 昀椀氀氀攀搀 洀礀 挀愀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 瀀甀氀氀攀搀 洀礀 琀攀攀琀栀⸀
吀栀攀 爀愀琀攀 漀昀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀 漀昀 洀礀 琀椀洀攀 昀漀爀 栀椀猀 眀愀猀 昀椀昀琀礀 琀漀 漀渀攀⸀ 䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀洀愀猀 爀甀猀栀Ⰰ 䤀 猀漀氀搀 琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 猀栀椀爀琀猀Ⰰ 猀栀漀攀猀Ⰰ 最氀漀瘀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 樀愀挀欀攀琀猀 椀渀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀⸀ 䈀礀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 䤀 眀愀猀 昀漀甀爀琀攀攀渀Ⰰ 洀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀✀猀 戀愀爀琀攀爀 愀爀爀愀渀最攀洀攀渀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀瀀氀愀挀攀搀 戀礀 愀 昀氀愀琀 昀攀攀 漀昀 㔀 挀攀渀琀猀 愀渀 栀漀甀爀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 昀漀爀 渀攀椀最栀戀漀爀猀Ⰰ 爀愀欀椀渀最 氀攀愀瘀攀猀Ⰰ 栀漀攀椀渀最 挀漀爀渀Ⰰ 搀椀最最椀渀最 瀀漀琀愀琀漀攀猀Ⰰ 瀀椀琀挀栀椀渀最 栀愀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀攀氀椀瘀攀爀椀渀最 渀攀眀猀瀀愀瀀攀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 樀漀戀 琀愀甀最栀琀 洀攀 愀戀漀甀琀 搀攀戀琀猀Ⰰ 搀漀最猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀椀挀礀挀氀攀 戀愀最猀⸀
䄀琀 猀椀砀琀攀攀渀Ⰰ 䤀 氀攀昀琀 洀礀 栀漀洀攀 椀渀 䈀爀愀琀琀氀攀戀漀爀漀Ⰰ 嘀攀爀洀漀渀琀Ⰰ 愀 栀愀渀搀猀漀洀攀 漀氀搀 琀漀眀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀挀甀琀 刀椀瘀攀爀⸀ 䈀礀 琀栀攀渀 䤀 栀愀搀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 栀漀眀 琀漀 愀搀愀瀀琀 琀漀 攀椀最栀琀攀攀渀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀愀搀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 瘀愀爀猀椀琀礀 琀攀渀渀椀猀Ⰰ 昀漀漀琀戀愀氀氀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀挀攀 栀漀挀欀攀礀⸀ 䤀 愀氀猀漀 栀愀搀 洀礀 昀甀氀氀 最爀漀眀琀栀 漀昀 㤀㔀 瀀漀甀渀搀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 㘀 昀攀攀琀 琀愀氀氀⸀
My family dispersed at that time, and I drove two elderly ladies to Florida in a Model-A Ford, without benefit of a license, and in return for transportation. Stopping at Lake Worth, Florida, I worked in an ice-cream shop and weeded lawns in return for room and board. There, I continued my secondary schooling while suffering an acute case of homesickness for New England. Nine months later, I hitchhiked north again to Massachusetts, and passed the summer as a house painter and roofer. My twelfth grade was spent at Winwood, a little private school on Long Island, New York, working as a factotum for my tuition and board. While there, I did three things significant to my future. I took a course in chemistry, taught myself solid geometry from a book, and won a $6,000 four-year National Rollins College Honor Scholarship.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
While at Rollins, in the resort town of Winter Park, Florida, I worked at chemistry and played at philosophy (four courses!). I read Dostoevski, Spengler, and Tolstoy, and sang in the choir and in a barbershop quartet. In four halcyon years, I obtained an airplane pilot's license, acted in plays, produced-announced a minor radio program, and, while my fellow students complained, dined on the best food I had yet encountered.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
During the summers of 1938 to 1941, I worked for the National Biscuit Company in New York City, at first as a salesman covering an area from 144th Street to 78th Street on the tough East Side. The largest city in the country was also its best teacher. This was my first exposure to ghetto slums, youth gang warfare, drugs, prostitution, and petty thievery. The northern end of my territory was dominated by Jewish delicatessens, out of which at first (but not later) I was urged to leave. I got to know everybody, and everybody's business. In the Irish-run grocery stores, we would conduct "wakes" for the last fig bar in the bin. Harlem was a place where each street was a playground, and each store a small fort. The Puerto Rican district was full of street vendors of all sorts. I started that summer weighing 195 pounds, and ended it at 155. My $ 15 per week provided me with cash, and a crash course in ethnic groups and big city street-life. The other summers involved analyzing cheeses for moisture and fat content in the National Biscuit Laboratories.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
From these routine jobs, I extracted pleasure by making them into games. They taught me self-discipline, and illustrated how I did not want to spend my life. But this period provided me with a keen interest in the differences between people, and an overwhelming dislike of repetitive activities. When the word "research" entered my vocabulary, it had a magic ring, suggesting the search for new phenomena. Chemical research became my god, and the conducting of it, my act of prayer, from 1938 to the present. When told by my first college chemistry professor, Dr. Guy Waddington, that he thought I would make a good industrial investigator - but probably not a good academic one - I determined upon an academic research career in chemistry.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
Out of 17 applications for teaching assistantships to go to graduate school, three offers came. I accepted the University of Nebraska's, where an MS was granted in 1942. My thesis research there was done under the supervision of Dr. Norman O. Cromwell. By then, World War II was upon us, so I went to work for Merck & Co., ultimately on their penicillin project, where my search for excellence was symbolized by Dr. Max Tishler. Immediately after the war ended in 1945, Max arranged for me to attend Harvard University, working for Professor L.F. Fieser. The work for my Ph.D. degree on a National Research Council Fellowship was in hand in eighteen months.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
At Harvard, scientific excellence was personified for me by Professors Paul D. Bartlett and Robert B. Woodward. After three months at M.I.T., working for Professor John D. Roberts, I set out for the University of California at Los Angeles on August 1, 1947, and have taught and researched there ever since, after 1985 as the S. Winstein Professor of Chemistry.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
In retrospect, I judge that my father's death early in my life forced me to construct a model for my character composed of pieces taken from many different individuals, some being people I studied, and others lifted from books. The late Professor Saul Winstein, my colleague, friend, and competitor, contributed much to this model. It was almost complete by the time I was 35 years of age. Thus, through the early death of my father, I had an opportunity - indeed the necessity - to animate that father image that was slowly maturing in my mind's eye. And, at last, I realized who in fact this figure was. It was I.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
The times and environment have been very good to me during my forty-six years of chemical research. I entered the profession at a period when physical, organic, and biochemistry were being integrated, when new spectroscopic windows on chemical structures were being opened, and when UCLA, a fine new university campus, was growing from a provincial to a world-class institution. My over 200 co-workers have shared with me the miseries of many failures and the pleasures of some triumphs. Their careers are my finest monument. My countrymen have supported our research without mandating its character. Jean Turner Cram, as my first wife, sacrificed for my career from 1940 to 1968. Dr. Jane Maxwell Cram, my second wife, acted as foil, unsparing but inspiring critic and research strategist in ways beyond mention.㰀⼀瀀㸀
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